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1 абразивность бумаги (картона)
абразивность бумаги (картона)
Свойство поверхности бумаги (картона) нарушать при контакте гладкость поверхности другого тела.
[ ГОСТ 17052-86]Тематики
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > абразивность бумаги (картона)
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2 קרע
קָרַע(b. h.) to tear, split; esp. to rend the garment in mourning. Kel. XVI, 5 עד שיִקְרְעֶנּוּ (Mish. ed. שיַקְרִיעֶנּוּ Hif.) until he tears the bale open. M. Kat. 22b על כל … אינו קוֹרֵעַ אלא עליון for all dead (except parents) … one must rend only the upper garment. Ib. האשה קוֹרַעַתוכ׳ a woman (mourning for her parents) rends the lower garment and puts it back in its place, and then rends the upper garment. Snh.60a אחד השומע … חייב לִקְרוֹעַ both he that hears a blasphemy directly, and he that hears it from one that heard it (and reports as witness before court) must rend his garment; a. v. fr.Part. pass. קָרוּעַ; pl. קְרוּעִים, קְרוּעִין. M. Kat. 26b היוצא בבגד ק׳וכ׳ he that marches before a corpse with a garment rent (for a previous case) robs (deceives) the dead and the living. Ib. a (ref. to 2 Kings 2:12) ק׳ ועומדים לשנים remaining always rent in two; ib. 22b (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 4); Snh. l. c.; a. fr. Pi. קֵרֵעַ 1) same. M. Kat. 26b ואין מְקָרְעִין בפניו you must not rend your garment in his (the sick mans) presence. Ib. מקרעין לקטןוכ׳ we rend a minors garment in order to make him feel sad; ib. 14b. R. Hash. 16b ארבעה … מקרעין גזרוכ׳ four things cause an evil decree passed on man to be torn (cancelled), they are: charity, prayer ; a. fr. 2) (cmp. גָּרַע) to scrape, to mark the outlines of letters by abrasion. Gitt.19b עדים … מקרעין להםוכ׳ for witnesses that know not how to sign their names, grooves are made on blank paper, and they fill the grooves out with ink; ib. 9b; Y. ib. II, 44b top ומְקָרֵעַ; (Tosaf. to Gitt.9b: you cut the names out on blank paper and put it on the document, and the witnesses fill the cuts out) Tosef.Sabb.XI (XII), 8, contrad. fr. ושם; a. e. Nif. נִקְרַע to be torn; to be cut open, be operated upon by a section. Yeb.VIII, 6, a. e. טומטוםשנ׳, v. טוּמְטוּם. Bekh.42b שמא יִקָּרֵעַוכ׳ he may have an operation performed, and be found a eunuch; Tosef.Yeb.XI, 1; Yeb.83b. B. Bath. 168b נ׳ פסול נִתְקָרֵעַ כשר if a document is found torn, it is invalid; if it appears torn by accident, it is valid as evidence; ib. נ׳ קֶרַע של בית דין נתק׳וכ׳ miḳrʿa refers to the rent as made in court for cancellation, nithḳareʿa refers to a rent different from the manner customary in court; Y.Gitt.II, 44b; a. e. Nithpa. נִתְקָרֵעַ to become torn, v. supra. -
3 קָרַע
קָרַע(b. h.) to tear, split; esp. to rend the garment in mourning. Kel. XVI, 5 עד שיִקְרְעֶנּוּ (Mish. ed. שיַקְרִיעֶנּוּ Hif.) until he tears the bale open. M. Kat. 22b על כל … אינו קוֹרֵעַ אלא עליון for all dead (except parents) … one must rend only the upper garment. Ib. האשה קוֹרַעַתוכ׳ a woman (mourning for her parents) rends the lower garment and puts it back in its place, and then rends the upper garment. Snh.60a אחד השומע … חייב לִקְרוֹעַ both he that hears a blasphemy directly, and he that hears it from one that heard it (and reports as witness before court) must rend his garment; a. v. fr.Part. pass. קָרוּעַ; pl. קְרוּעִים, קְרוּעִין. M. Kat. 26b היוצא בבגד ק׳וכ׳ he that marches before a corpse with a garment rent (for a previous case) robs (deceives) the dead and the living. Ib. a (ref. to 2 Kings 2:12) ק׳ ועומדים לשנים remaining always rent in two; ib. 22b (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 4); Snh. l. c.; a. fr. Pi. קֵרֵעַ 1) same. M. Kat. 26b ואין מְקָרְעִין בפניו you must not rend your garment in his (the sick mans) presence. Ib. מקרעין לקטןוכ׳ we rend a minors garment in order to make him feel sad; ib. 14b. R. Hash. 16b ארבעה … מקרעין גזרוכ׳ four things cause an evil decree passed on man to be torn (cancelled), they are: charity, prayer ; a. fr. 2) (cmp. גָּרַע) to scrape, to mark the outlines of letters by abrasion. Gitt.19b עדים … מקרעין להםוכ׳ for witnesses that know not how to sign their names, grooves are made on blank paper, and they fill the grooves out with ink; ib. 9b; Y. ib. II, 44b top ומְקָרֵעַ; (Tosaf. to Gitt.9b: you cut the names out on blank paper and put it on the document, and the witnesses fill the cuts out) Tosef.Sabb.XI (XII), 8, contrad. fr. ושם; a. e. Nif. נִקְרַע to be torn; to be cut open, be operated upon by a section. Yeb.VIII, 6, a. e. טומטוםשנ׳, v. טוּמְטוּם. Bekh.42b שמא יִקָּרֵעַוכ׳ he may have an operation performed, and be found a eunuch; Tosef.Yeb.XI, 1; Yeb.83b. B. Bath. 168b נ׳ פסול נִתְקָרֵעַ כשר if a document is found torn, it is invalid; if it appears torn by accident, it is valid as evidence; ib. נ׳ קֶרַע של בית דין נתק׳וכ׳ miḳrʿa refers to the rent as made in court for cancellation, nithḳareʿa refers to a rent different from the manner customary in court; Y.Gitt.II, 44b; a. e. Nithpa. נִתְקָרֵעַ to become torn, v. supra. -
4 Brinell, Johann August
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1849 Småland, Swedend. 17 November 1925 Stockholm, Sweden[br]Swedish metallurgist, inventor of the well-known method of hardness measurement which uses a steel-ball indenter.[br]Brinell graduated as an engineer from Boräs Technical School, and his interest in metallurgy began to develop in 1875 when he became an engineer at the ironworks of Lesjöfors and came under the influence of Gustaf Ekman. In 1882 he was appointed Chief Engineer at the Fagersta Ironworks, where he became one of Sweden's leading experts in the manufacture and heat treatment of tool steels.His reputation in this field was established in 1885 when he published a paper on the structural changes which occurred in steels when they were heated and cooled, and he was among the first to recognize and define the critical points of steel and their importance in heat treatment. Some of these preliminary findings were first exhibited at Stockholm in 1897. His exhibit at the World Exhibition at Paris in 1900 was far more detailed and there he displayed for the first time his method of hardness determination using a steel-ball indenter. For these contributions he was awarded the French Grand Prix and also the Polhem Prize of the Swedish Technical Society.He was later concerned with evaluating and developing the iron-ore deposits of north Sweden and was one of the pioneers of the electric blast-furnace. In 1903 he became Chief Engineer of the Jernkontoret and remained there until 1914. In this capacity and as Editor of the Jernkontorets Annaler he made significant contributions to Swedish metallurgy. His pioneer work on abrasion resistance, undertaken long before the term tribology had been invented, gained him the Rinman Medal, awarded by the Jernkontoret in 1920.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Swedish Academy of Science 1902. Dr Honoris Causa, University of Upsala 1907. French Grand Prix, Paris World Exhibition 1900; Swedish Technical Society Polhem Prize 1900; Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Medal 1907; Jernkontorets Rinman Medal 1920.Further ReadingAxel Wahlberg, 1901, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 59:243 (the first English-language description of the Brinell Hardness Test).Machinery's Encyclopedia, 1917, Vol. III, New York: Industrial Press, pp. 527–40 (a very readable account of the Brinell test in relation to the other hardness tests available at the beginning of the twentieth century).Hardness Test Research Committee, 1916, Bibliography on hardness testing, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.ASD
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